Select Bibliography

Select Bibliography
ASKO TIMONEN
This bibliography of modern books and articles has been compiled on
the basis of the following themes associated with the concept of cruelty:
violence, ruling power, tyranny, barbarism, political propaganda and historiography.
Most of the studies here mentioned have been of considerable
value in contributing to the present volume.
Adam, T . , Clementia Principis. Der Einfluß hellenistischer Fürstenspiegel
auf den Versuch einer rechtlichen Fundierung des Principats durch
Seneca, Kieler Historische Studien 11, hrsg. von H. Braunert et al.
(Stuttgart 1970).
Alfoldy, G . , Septimins Severus und der Senat, Bonner Jahrbücher 168
(1968) 112-160.
Arens, W., The Original Sin: Incest and Its Meaning (New York-Oxford
1986).
Aries, P., Western Attitudes towards Death: From the Middle Ages to the
Present [original French version, 1975) (Baltimore-London 1974).
Backhaus, W., Der Hellenen-Barbaren-Gegensatz und die Hippokratische
Schrift Peri airon hudaton t6pon, Historia 25 (1976) 170-185.
Bacon, H. H . , Barbarians in Greek Tragedy (New Haven 1961).
Baslez, M.-F., L’Etranger dans la Grece antique (Paris 1984).
Bengston, H . , Hellenen und Barbaren: Gedanken zum Problem des griechischen
Nationalbewußtseins, in: K . Rüdinger (ed.) , Unser Geschichtsbild
(Munich 1954) 25-40 [Reprinted in: Kleine Schriften (Munich
1974) 158-173).
Boer, W. den, La „damnatio memoriae“ des empereurs et la religion romaine,
in: Transformation et confl.its au IVe siede apres J. C., Antiquitas
Band 29 (Bonn 1978) 21 7-224.
Borresen, K . E., Subordination et equivalence: Nature et role de la femme
d’apres Augustin et Thomas d’Aquin (Oslo-Paris 1968).
181
Borst, A., Medieval Worlds. Barbarians, Heretics and Artists in the Middle
Ages, transl. by E. Hansen (Cambridge 1991) [German original:
Barbaren, Ketzer und Artisten (Munich 1988)].
Bucheit, V . , Chrysogonus als Tyrann in Ciceros Rede für Roscius aus
Ameria, Chiron 5 (1975) 193-211.
Burian, J ., Der Gegensatz zwischen Rom und den Barbaren i n der Historia
Augusta, Eirene 15 (1977) 55-96.
Burkert, W . , Homo Necans: Interpretationen altgriechischer Opferriten
und Mythen, Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten 32
(Berlin-New York 1972).
-, Greek Tragedy and sacrificial ritual, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies
7 (1966) 87-121.
-, Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley-Los
Angeles-London 1975).
Brecht, C. H . , Perduellio (Munich 1936).
Brunet, H., L’Image du Monde byzantin en France au Siede des Lumieres
(Toulouse 1987).
Cantarella, E., Per una preistoria del castigo, in: Du chatiment dans la
cite. Supplices corporels et
,
Peine de mort dans le monde antique.
Table Ronde organisee par l’Ecole fran􀄎aise de Rome avec le concours
du Centre national de la recherche scientifique (Rome 9-11 novembre
1982), Collection de l’Ecole fran􀄎aise de Rome [from now on CEFR]
79 (Rome 1984) 37-73.
-, I supplizi capitali in Grecia e a Roma (Milan 1991).
Callu, J. P., Le jardin des supplices au Bas-Empire, in: Du chatiment dans
la cite. Supplices corporels et peine de mort dans le monde antique,
CEFR 79 (Rome 1984) 313-359.
Chantraine, H . , Der tote Herrscher in der Politik der römischen Kaiserzeit,
Geschichte in Wisse,nschaft und Unterricht 39 (1988) 67-80.
Charlesworth, M . P., The Virtues of a Roman Emperor. Propaganda and
the Creation of Belief, Proceedings of the British Academy 23 {1937)
105-133.
Cizek, E . , Le mort de Vitellius dans les „Vies des Douze Cesars“ de
Suetone, Revue des Etudes Anciennes 77 (1975) 125-130.
Classen, C. J ., Virtutes Imperatoriae, Aretos 25 (1991) 17-40.
182
Coleman, K. M . , Fatal Charades: Roman Executions Staged as Mythological
Enactments, Journal of Roman Sturlies 80 (1990) 44-73.
Cornell, T., Some Observations on the crimen incesti, in: Le delit religieux
dans la cite antique. Table Ronde, Rome, 6-7 avril 1978, CEFR 48
(1981) 27-37.
Coroi, J . , La Violence en droit criminel romain (Paris 1915).
Cracco Ruggini, L., Pregiudizi razziali, ostilita politica e culturale, intolleranza
religiosa nell’impero romano, Athenaeum 46 (1968) 139-152.
-, ‚De morte persecutorum‘ e polemica antibarbarica nella storiografia pagana
e cristiana, Rivista di Storia e Letteratura religiosa 4 (1968), 433
ff.
-, Pagani, ebrei e cristiani: Odio sociologico e odio teologico nel mondo
antico, in: XXVI Sett. di Studi del Centro italiano di studi sull’Alto
Medioevo: Gli ebrei nell’Alto Medioevo (30 marzo-5 aprile 1978), vol.
1 (Spoleto 1980) 15-117.
-, Intolerance: Equal and less Equal in the Roman World, Classical Philology
82 (1987) 187-205.
Cunliffe, B . , Greeks, Romans and Barbarians: Spheres of Interaction (London
1988).
Daube, D . , Ne quid infamandi causa fiat – The Roman law of defamation,
Atti del Congresso Internazionale di Diritto Romano 1948 (Milan
1953) 413 ff.
Dauge, Y. A, Le Bar bare: recherches sur la conception romaine de la barbarie
et de la civilisation, Coll. Latomus 176 (Brussels 1981 ).
De Mattei, R., Sul concetto di barbaro e barbarie nel medio evo, in: Studi
di storia e diritto in onore di Enrico Besta, vol. 4 (Milan 1939).
Demougeot, E., L’lmage offi.cielle du barbare dans !’Empire romain d’Auguste
a Theodose, Ktema IX (1984) 123-143.
Ditten, H . , Barbaroi, Hellenes und Römaioi bei den letzen byzantinischen
Geschichtsschreiber, in: Actes du XXIeme Congres International des
Etudes byzantines (Ohrid 1962).
Dodds, E. R., The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley 1951).
Drexler, H . , Politische Grundbegriffe der Römer (Darmstadt 1988).
DuBois, P., Torture and Truth (New York-London 1991).
183
Ducellier, A . , Le Miroir de !’Islam. Musulmans et Chretiens d’Orient au
Moyen Age (Paris 1971).
-, Mentalite historique et realites politiques: L’lslam et les Musulmans
vus par les Byzantins du XIIlerne siede, Byzantinische Forschungen,
Band IV (1972).
-, L’lslam et les Musulmans vus de Byzance au XIVeme siede, Byzantina
XII {1983) 95-134.
– L’lntolerance des pacifiques: reflexions sur le Monde orthodoxe, in:
Actes du Colloque „Les frontieres religieuses aux XVIeme et XVIlerne
siedes“, Centre d’Etudes Superieures de la Renaissance (Tours 1988).
Fraschetti, A . , Le sepolture rituali del Foro Boario, in: Le delit religieux
dans la cite antique, CEFR 48 (Rome 1981) 51-115.
Garner, R., Law and Society in Classical Athens (London 1987).
Gernet, L., Some Connections between Punishment and Religion in Ancient
Greece, in: The Anthropology of Ancient Greece, trans. J.
Barnilton and B. Nagy (Baltimore 1981) 24ü-276.
-, Le droit penal de la Grece ancienne, in: Du chatiment dans la cite.
Supplices corporels et peine de mort dans le monde antique, CEFR
79 (Rome 1984) 9-35.
Girard, R., La Violence et le sacre (Paris 1972).
Goff, B. E., The Noose of Words: Readings of Desire, Violence and Language
in Euripides‘ Hippolytos (Cambridge 1990).
Graus, F., Die Gewalt bei den Anfängen des Feudalismus und die „Gefangenenbefreiungen“
der merowingischen Hagiographie, Jahrbuch für
Wirtschaftsgeschichte (1961) 6ü-156.
Grodzynski, D., Tortures mortelles et categories sociales. Les summa supplicia
dans le droit romain aux Ille et IVe siedes, in: Du cha.timent
dans la cite. Supplices corporels et peine de mort dans le monde
antique, CEFR 79 (Rome 1984) 361-403.
Grottanelli, C . – Parise, N . F. (ed.), Sacrificio e societa nel mondo antico
(Bari 1988).
Gruber, J . – Vismara, G., ‚Barbaren‘, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, vol. 1
(Munich-Zurich 1980) 1434-1436.
Friedman, J . B., The Monstrous Races in Medieval Art and Thought (Garnbridge,
Mass.-London 1981).
184
Fuhrmann, M., Die Alleinherrschaft und das Problem der Gerechtigkeit
(Seneca: De clementia), in: Prinzipat und Freiheit, hrsg. von R.
Klein, Wege der Forschung Band 135 (Darmstadt 1969) 271-320.
Hall, E., Inventing the Barbarian. Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy
(Oxford 1989).
Harsh, P. W., Deeds of Violence in Greek Tragedy. Stanford Studies in
Language and Literature 1941 (ed. by H. Graig), 59-73.
Hinard, F., La male mort. Executions et statut du corps au moment de
la premiere proscription, in: Du chatiment dans la cite. Supplices
corporels et peine de mort dans la monde antique, CEFR 79 (Rome
1984) 295-311.
-, Les proscriptions de la Rome republicaine, CEFR 83 (Rome 1985).
Kieckhefer, R., European Witch Trials: Their Foundations in Popular and
Learned Culture, 1300-1500 (London-Henley 1976).
Lana, I., Civilis, civiliter, civilitas in Tacito e Suetonio, Contributo alla
storia del lessico politico romano nell’eta imperiale. Atti della Accademia
delle Scienze di Torino 106 (1972) 465-487.
Lassandro, D., La demonizzazione del nemico politico nei Panegyrici Latini,
in: Religione e politica nel mondo antica, Contributi dell’Istituto
di storia antica 7 (Milan 1981) 237-249.
Lechner, K., Byzanz und die Barbaren, Saeculum 6 (1955) 292-306.
Leff, G., Heresy in the later Middle Ages: The Relation of Heterodoxy to
Dissent c. 1250-1450, 2 vols. (New York 1967).
Le Goff, J. (ed.), Heresies et societes dans l’Europe preindustrielle: lle-
18e siedes (Paris-The Hague 1968).
Lintott, A.W., Violence in Republican Rome (Oxford 1968).
-, Violence, Civil Strife and Revolution in the Classical City (London
1982).
Lourdaux, W. – Verhelst, D. (eds.), The Concept of Heresy in the Middle
Ages (11th-13th Century) (Louvain-The Hague 1976).
MacDowell, D. M., The Law in Classical Athens, Aspects of Greek and
Roman Life, ed. by H. H. Scullard (London 1978).
MacMullen, R., The Roman Concept Robber-Pretender, Revue Internationale
des Droits de l’Antiquite 10 (1963) 221-226.
185
-, Militarism in the Late Antiquity, in: The End of the Roman Empire.
Decline or Transformation. 2nd ed. D. Kagan (Lexington-Toronto
1978) 114-132.
-, Judicial Savagery in the Roman Empire, Chiron 16 (1986) 147-166.
Maffi, A., ll decreto su Calcide (ML 52) e la repressione penale nella polis
classica, in: Du chä.timent dans la cite. Supplices corporels et peine
de mort dans la monde antique, CEFR 79 (Rome 1984) 429-438.
Magdelain, A., Paricidas, in: Du chä.timent dans la cite. Supplices corporels
et peine de mort dans la monde antique, CEFR 79 (Rome 1984)
549-571.
Mazzarino, S., La propaganda senatoriale nel tardo impero, Doxa. Rassegna
critica di antichita classica 4 (1951) 121-148.
Mommsen, T., Römisches Strafrecht (Leipzig 1899).
Mortureux, B., Les ideaux stoiciens et les premieres responsabilites politiques:
le „De clementia“ , in: Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen
Welt [ANRWJ li 36.3 (1989) 1639-1685.
Mosse, C., La tyrannie dans la Grece antique (Paris 1969).
Mouchova, B., Crudelitas principis optimi, Bonner Historia-Augusta-Colloquium
[BHAC] 1970 (1972) 167-194.
-, „Ignobilitas“ Macrini, Listy Filologicke 106 (1983) 174-177.
-, Zum literarischen Porträt des Opilius Macrinus in der Historia Augusta,
Graecolatina Pragensia, Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Philologica X
3 {1983) 29-34.
Opelt, 1. – Speyer, W., Barbar, Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum 10
(1967) 251-290.
Österberg, E. – Lindström, D., Crime and Social Control in Medieval and
Early Modern Swedish Towns, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia
Historica Upsaliensia 152 {Uppsala 1988).
Paschoud, F., Romains et barbares au debut du Ve siede apres J. C.: Le
temoignage d’Eunape, d’Olympiodore et de Zosime, in: La nozione di
‚Romano‘ tra cittadinanza e universitalita: Da Roma alla terza Roma,
Documenti e studi (Roma, 21-23 aprile 1982), vol. 2 (Naples 1984),
357-367.
186
Patlagean, E., Byzance et le blason penal du corps, in: Du chatiment dans
la cite. Supplices corporels et peine de mort dans la monde antique,
CEFR 79 (Rome 1984) 405-427.
Polverini, L., Storiografi.a e Propaganda. La Crisi del III Secolo nella
Storiografia Latina del IV, in: I canali della propaganda nel mondo
antico, Contributi dell’Istituto di storia antica 4 (Milan 1976) 252-
270.
Preisendanz, K . , Fluchtafel (Defi:riones), Reallexicon für Antike und Christentum
8 {1972) 1-29.
Ramage, E. S., Denigration of Predecessor under Claudius, Galba and Vespasian,
Historia 32 (1983) 201-214.
Sanders, L. J ., Dionysius I of Syracuse and Greek Tyranny (London-New
York-Sydney 1987).
Scarry, E . , The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World
( Oxford 1985).
Scheid, J., La mort du tyran. Chronique de quelques morts programmees,
in: Du chatiment dans la cite. Supplices corporels et peine de mort
dans le monde antique, CEFR 79 (Rome 1984) 177-193.
Sherwin-White, A. N ., Violence in Roman Politics, Journal of Roman Studies
46 (1956) 1-9.
Signori, G . , Gewalt und Frömmigkeit. Die Waadtländer Landschaft im
Spiegel Conon von Estavayers Wunderbücher „Unserer Lieben Frau
von Lausanne“ {1232-1242). Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung hoch- und
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dell’Univ. di Bari (1986) 7-45.
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1962).
Springer, F. K., Tyrannus, Untersuchungen zur politischen Ideologie der
Römer, Diss. Köln 1952.
Stahl, P. H., Histoire de la decapitation (Paris 1986).
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und Geistesgeschichte 18 (Stuttgart 1939).
187
Talbert, C. H . , Biographies of Philosophers and Rulers as Instruments
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Van Acker. L., Barbarus und seine Ableitungen im Mittellatein, Archiv
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cite. Supplices corporels et peine de mort dans le monde antique,
CEFR 79 (Rome 1984) 241-293.
Wallace-Hadrill, A., The Emperor and His Virtues, Historia 30 (1981)
298-319.
Wardman, A.E., Usurpers and Interna! Conflicts in the 4th Century A.D.,
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188
MEDIUM AEVUM QUOTIDIANUM
HERAUSGEGEBEN VON GERHARD JARITZ
SONDERBAND II
CRUDELITAS
The Politics of Cruelty
in the Ancient and Medieval World
Proceedings of the International Conference
Turku {Finland), May 1991
Edited by
Toivo Viljamaa, Asko Timonen
and Christian Krötzl
Krems 1992
Front page illustration: Martyrdom of Saint Barbara (detail),
Friedrich Pacher, Tyrolian, 1480-1490,
Neustift (Novacella), South Tyrol (Italy), Stiftsgalerie
Alle Rechte vorbehalten
– ISBN 3-90 1094 05 9
Herausgeber: Medium Aevum Quotidianum. Gesellschaft zur Erforschung der materiellen
Kultur des Mittelalters, Körnermarkt 13, A-3500 Krems, Österreich – Druck:
KOPITU Ges. m. b. H., Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, A-1050 Wien.
Contents
Preface 7
Andrew LINTOTT (Oxford): Cruelty in the Political Life
of the Ancient World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Maarit KAIMIO (Helsinki): Violence in Greek Tragedy 28
Toivo VILJAMAA (Thrku): „Crudelitatis odio in crudelitatem
ruitis“ . Livy’s Concept of Life and History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Katarüna MUSTAKALLIO (Helsinki): The „crimen incesti“
of the Vestal Virgins and the Prodigious Pestilence
Asko TIMONEN (Thrku): Criticism ofDefense. The Blam-
56
ing of „Crudelitas“ in the „Historia Augusta“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Christer BRUUN (Helsinki): Water as a Cruel Element in
the Roman World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4
Luigi de ANNA (Thrku): Elogio della crudelta. Aspetti
della violenza nel mondo antico e medievale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Greti DINKOVA-BRUUN (Helsinki): Cruelty and the Medieval
Intellectual: The Case of Peter Abelard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Christian KRÖTZL (Tampere): „Crudeliter affiicta“ . Zur
Darstellung von Gewalt und Grausamkeit in mittelalterlichen
Mirakelberichten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5
Thomas LINDKVIST (Uppsala) : The Politics of Violence
and the Transition from Viking Age to Medieval Scandinavia
Alain DUCELLIER (Toulouse): Byzance, Juge Cruel dans
un Environnement Cruel? Notes sur le „Musulman cruel“
dans l’Empire byzantin entre Vlleme et XIIlerne siedes
Asko TIMONEN (Turku): Select Bibliography
6
139
148
181
Preface
The present volume is a collection of the papers read at the conference
which was held in May 1991 at the University of Turku on the theme
The Politics of Cruelty in the A ncient and Medieval World. The general
aim of the conference was to advance interdisciplinary and international
collaboration in the fields of humanistic studies and particularly to bring
together scholars who have common interests in the study of our past.
The choice of the subject of cruelty naturally resulted from different study
projects concerning the political and social history of late antiquity and
the Middle Ages – the Roman imperial propaganda, the conß.ict between
paganism and christianity, the history of the Vandals, the Byzantine empires,
the Medieval miracle stories, to name some of them. Perhaps also
contemporary events had an influence on the idea that cruelty could be
the theme which conveniently would unite those various interests. And
the idea emerged irrespective of considerations whether or not we should
search for models in the Ancient World or join those who, as it seems to
have been a fashion, insist on investigating what we have common with
the Middle Ages.
One might argue – and for a good reason indeed – that cruelty is
a subject for anthropologists and psychologists, not for philologists and
historians. Where does the student of history find reliable criteria for
defining the notion of cruelty in order to judge the men of the past and their
actions, to charge with cruelty not only individuals but also nations and
even ages („the crudelitas imperatorum“ , „the Dark Ages“ , „the violence of
the Vikings“, „the cruel Muslims“ )? Is it not so that the only possibility is
to adapt our modern sensibilities to the past and to use our own prejudices
in making judgements about others? The prejudices – yes, but this is just
what makes the theme interesting for the historian because our prejudices
– our conception of cruelty, for instance – are part of the heritage of past
centuries. The events of our own day – maybe more clearly than ever – have
demonstrated that we live in a historical world. When we investigate the
history of the concept of cruelty we, as it were, Iook ourselves at a mirror
and learn to understand ourselves better. The concept of cruelty has two
sides. It is a subjective concept used to define and describe those persons
7
and those acts that according to the user of the term are negative, harmful,
humiliating, harsh, inhumane, primitive and unnatural; in everyday life
it is associated with religious habits – with crude remnants of primitive
religion, it is associated with passion, an uncontrolled mental state, or with
violence and with the exercise of power without justice. On the other hand
the term is used to classify people by their ethical and social habits, to
accuse, to invalidate and injure others; therefore the accusation of cruelty
refers to basic features of ancient and also Medieval thought, to the fear of
anything foreign, to the aggressive curiosity to define and subsume others
simply by their otherness.
Such were the considerations wich gave inspiration for arranging the
„cruelty“ -seminar. The conference was accommodated by the Archipelago
Institute of the University of Turku, in the island Seili („Soul island“) , in
an environment of quiet beauty of the remote island and sad memories of
the centuries when people attacked by a cruel fate, lepers or mentally ill,
were banished there from the civilized community.
The conference was organized by the Department of Classics of the
University of Turku in collaboration with the Departments of Cultural
History and Italian language and culture of the same university. It is a
pleasure to us to be able to thank here all those who helped to make the
congress possible. We would like especially to express our gratitude to
Luigi de Anna and Hannu Laaksonen for their assistance in preparing and
carrying out the practical arrangements. The financial assistance given by
the Finnish Academy and by the Turku University Foundation was also
indispensable. Finally, we close by expressing our gratitude to Gerhard
Jaritz, the editor of the Medium Aevum Quotidianum for the Gesellschaft
fü r Erforschung der materiellen Kultur des Mittelalters, for his kind COoperation
and for accepting this collection of papers to be published as a
supplement to the series of the studies on the Medieval everyday life. One
of the starting-points for organizing the „cruelty“ -conference was the firm
conviction that the Graeco-Roman Antiquity did not end with the beginning
of the Middle Ages, but these two eras form a continuum in many
respects, and the continuity was felt not only in the literary culture, in the
Greek and Latin languages which were still used, but also in the political,
social and religious structures of the Middle Ages. We think that this
continuity is amply demonstrated by the studies of the present volume.
Department of Classics, University of Turku, Finland
8