The Inventories of Zagreb Cathedral

The Inventories of Zagreh Cathedral
ßORISLAV GRGIN, ZAGRES
The Zagrd> hishops and chapter managed, throughout the Middle Ages,
to colkct a significant number of valuable objects, which were, from the
fonrtPPnth rPntnry onwards, sewral timPs arranged and listed in the inv<>
ntorirs. ThP oloPst inventorif’s arP precious sources for the study of the
material cultnr!:‘ of thP Central Europf’an church elites in the Late Middle
Ages. The !:’Xrf’ptional and rar<‚ abundance of precious objects and the systf’matir
charactf’r of thf‘ inventorif’s are a witness to a rather high level of
material rnlture in the Zagreh bishopric at that time.
Thr olckst invf’ntories wrrf‘ first pnblished by Ivan Krstitelj TkalCic at
t hr lwginning of t lw century 1 . The first t.wo inventories are rather similar,
tlH‘ formPr hf’ing a little older than the later. Both are incomplete, lacking
t lw first part. Tkal6c dated the first. one at the second half of the fourteenth
Cf’ntur􀂮·. namrly from 1356 to 1387, and the second one between 1421 and
1-!25. Dragutin l\niewald, who continurd TkalCic’s work of editing and
commenting the inventories. publishf’d what he claimed to be the oldest
inwntory of Zagn•h cathf’dral. from 1394, as well as the continuation of the
partial invf’Iltor􀃮· from 1474. published by Tkalcie . According to Kniewald,
thr f’Xact chrouolog􀉚‘ of the inwntories should go as follows:3
1 ) The oloPst inventory should be the one named Inventarium antiquum,
madf‘ on tlw reqn<’st. of Zagreb’s bishop Pavao (Paul) Horvat ( 1 379-86) .
This irwentory. u p till now, has not been discovered.
2 ) Tlw invmtory made by Blaz (Blais), custos et canonicus Zagrabiensis,
from .\1arch 1394, published by Kniewald. It was made after the careful
1 I. I\. Tkalfi(·. Povjestni spomenici sloborlnoga kraljevskoga grarla Zagreba priestolnice
kraljPvine rlahnatinsko-hrvatsko-slavonske I=Monument.a historica liberae regiae civitatis
Zagrabiae metropolis regni Dalmatiae, Croatiae et Slavoniae]. vol. 1 1 . Zagreb 1905, pp.
125-91.
2 D. Kni!’walrl. 􀌆ajstariji inventari zagrebacke katedrale !The Oldest Inventories of Zap;r<‚
h Catht-clral]. Starine JAZU, vol. 43. 1951, pp. 49-81.
3 Ihirl., pp. 49-53.
59
rxamiuation of thr objrcts kf’pt in the catherlral’s sacristy. In doing so,
ßlaz was nsiug t hf‘ oldPst inventory. lnuentarium antiquum, which he
oftm nwntions. particnlarly in the casrs when he wanted to emphasise
thP chanp;Ps from thr previons inventory, or when the objects found
h:v him \Wrf‘ not mentioned before. According to Kniewald, even this
iuwntor:v was not complf’ted. It is wry precisely dated at 17 March
139-l.
3 ) TlH‘ first iuV<•ntory published by Tkalric should be, according to Kniewald. datrcl hf’t.ween 1 406 and 1410. In the inventory it is explicitly rrwntionrd t hat t he olcler onf‘ that was used by the compiler did inQf'(‚( i rxist. Among thf‘ ff’stive doaks ( cappae) there were tres cappe rle 11elu.to piloso rubei coloris, que sunt facte de quatuor cappis propter antiquita.twm ipsarmn. pro·ut in antiqno in·11entario continetnr4 . In the invPntorY from 1394 qnahwr cappe de 11eluto seu exameto piloso rubei colori.􀃢 habentes singula a11rijrisia. antiqne. 11alde dilacerate were mentionf’d ·􀋗. In the period hf’twef’n 1394 and 1406 the changes took place, which W(>rf‘ mrntioned in an older, non-preserved inventory. In the following
inventory. which was according to Kniewald composed between
1-126 and 1433. these cappae disappeared. probably because they were
alrf>Ml􀀬, too olcl and overused, and therefore left behind. There are
spvpral other similar examples.
4 ) Th(> inventory composrd between 1426 and 1433. lt may be considered
as a nt>w VC’rsion of the first one, which is about twenty years older.
5) Th<‚ t hircl iuvmtory in the samP collection was made by order of bishup Oswald. in Drcemb�:>r 1474. Tkalfic’s edition contained only a part
of tlw inventory. and Kniewald published its continuation, but still
withont the parts containing paramenta and the books that have not
bet>n fonnd 􀀭􀀮et.
The iuventories from 1406-10 and 1426-33 do not have a beginning, and
th<‚ first onP of them probably lacks an end as well. They both start with precions objects. followed by liturgical garments and books. Parts of the inventori�:>s with calices and similar objects are lacking in both of them,
becansr of the missing initial sections. These parts could be found in the
4 Tkali:·ic, Monumenta. vol. 1 1 , p. 127.
5 KniPwald. l\’ajstariji inventari. p. 61.
60
iuwntory from Dccf’mber 1474. and its continnation published by Kniewald,
hnt still \Yithont thf‘ Sf’ct.ions with the pammenta and books.
J nst as tlH‘ othE’r invf’ntories. the onc from 1474 mentions older ones on
sen•ral occasions. In 14 7 4 new calices are mentioned, made of six older ones
pr01d in anfiquo regestro continetur6 . This dat.a cannot be compared with
thc first two TkalfiC’s inv(’ntories that lack thf’se parts. In 1394, according
to thf‘ invf’ntory. one. moreover, brokcn calix existed7 . Later, five other
cnlice.􀂻 were hroken. and during the fift.eenth century four new ones were
mMlP ont of matPrial of the earlier six. The inventory from 1474 mentions
t\\’0 c>piscopal sticks. On(‚ of them . a silvf’r stick, is already mentioned in
t h<‚ inwntor􀃎· from 1394. and it was rf’nf’wf’d hy bishop Ivan (John) Rudolfi ( H2 1 33) in formnm maiorem ef. meliorem, adding gold and silver to it. TlH‘ stick made of ivory. mf’ntioned in 1394. was completely broken in 1474, and much silwr wt>nt missing from it8.
The last juridical hook ID(’ntiollf•d in the 1-106-10 inventory is Summa
in .inre crmonico rle littera antiqua. In the 1426-33 inventory, twelve books
follow that onf‘. ont. of which a f(‚w W(‚f(‚ mentioned in t.he 1394 inventory.
ThC’􀃎‘ arC‘ followNl hy thC‘ libri sermocionrLles, which is Jacking in the 1 406-
10 inventor?. On t he contrar􀑋‘. the 139-! invent.ory contains six librorum
sermonnm. It would bf‘ difficnlt to believe that t.hese books disappeared in
thc> pt>riod lwtwN’ll 139-1 and 1406·· 10. and that in 1426-33 eleven books
of this sort rNl.ppt’ar in thf‘ separate part. On(‚ may assume with Cf’rt ainty
that tllC’Y all existf’rl throughout thf‘ period9 .
In t!IC‘ 1-12G 33 invf’nt.ory the abovf‘ mentioned parts are followed by
liln·i ml’rlir:inales and also libri arci·um ef. eciam aliq·ui medicinales. Both
parts ar<‚ lacking in the inv(’ntories from 1394 and 1406- 1 0 . It is probable, althongh not surf‘. that. t.h(‚ same part.s were incorporated ev(’n in th(‚ older inwntoriC’s. The majority of the medicine books mentioned were written t hronghont t lH· t hirteenth and the fourteent h centuries, and they were alrf’ady ont of datc> in the fifteenth century. It is not probable that they
wonld haVf‘ come to Zagreh just in the fifteenth century. On the contrary,
6 Tkalti<‚. :\lonnmenta. vol. 1 1 , p. 180.
i Knif’walrl. :\’ajstariji inventari. p. 57.
l:( Ihirl .. pp. 53. i3.
9 Ihid .. p. 55.
61
it ronld Iw argnNI that tllf’y WPH‘ hrought to Zagreh in the first half of the
fonrt<‚Pnth rmtnr􀀡·· and som<‚ of thPm prohably pven earlier10 .
The romparativP analysis of the above mentioned inventories Iead us to
thP condnsion that none of them is preserved in its totality. The invent.ory
from 130-! la1ks an Pnd. TllP invPnt.ory from 1406-10 is missing both the first
part aml an Pnd. lt is nPvertheless possiblE‘ t.o reconstruct. approximately
th<‚ missing parts. 11sing romparative mE’thods.
ßPsidPs that. I\niE’wald pointPd out thE‘ possibility of the identification
of cPrtain ohjPcts with tlw objects presently prPserved in the treasury of
Zagr<‚h cathrdral and in the metropolitan library. In the treasury, a black
casula madc acrording to tradit.ion out of St. Ladislas‘ cappa is preserved.
TlwrP is also a gol<lf’n cross. mmtioned both in the inventories from 1394
and 1-!14. It is dProratPd with sevent.een precious st.ones (sapphires. emeralds.
halafi and othE’rs) and has a gilded silver base. The ivory plenarium,
mrntionpd in the 1394 inventory, is preservE’d wit.hout its original frame,
marl<‚ of varions prPcions stonE’s. Relics of St. Ladislas and the so-called St.
John the ßaptist ’s fingE’r. from the 1394 invE’ntory. are still preserved. but
th<‚ ornamPnts haw• changed since the fourteenth century1 1 .
Th<‚ inwntor􀑞· from 1394 mentions the sacramentarium of St. Margaret
aud a so-calkd rnissale antiquissimum, brought t.o Zagreh with the other
liturgiral books aronnd 1 094 by Duh. first bishop of Zagreb. The books
fornlPd thE‘ hasis of the so-called Zagreb rite, different from the Roman one,
and connectpd with t.he ritE’s in Rouen ancl Saint-Wandrille (Fontenelle)12.
TherP are spvf’ral otllf’r books from the 1394 inventory, preservecl in the
!\Irtropolitan Lihrary today. as weil a..c; various books from the 1406-1 0 and
1-!26 33 inwntori<’s. One passionale from the eleventh century is still being kf’pt today. It was brought to Zagreh from Split in the period between t hE‘ ekvPnth ccntury ancl 1394. The Bihle, writ.ten ahout 800 in France, conld not he found in t.he 1394 inventory, hecause this part of it is missing. A !arge numher of the above mentioned books came to Zagreh hefore the composition of the first. inventories, and some of them even at the end of thE‘ E’kvcnth ct>ntury.
ThP vahtP of the above mentioned hooks from the eleventh century,
I O lbicl .. p. 55.
1 1 lbicl . . p. 55.
1 2 Ihid .. p. 56.
62
listC’d in thC‘ inwntories. is even higher if ont> t.akes into account that. they
prC’sPrvt> tllC‘ tC’xts of the fi1·st 1-itual plays. These marked t.he beginning
of dmrch drnmas that. dt>veloped from the liturgy where the embryo of
dramatisation in th<‚ altt>rnating singing of thP priests. choir and believers
took placC‘. accorcling to Franjo Fanct>v 13 . Tht> oldest form of the dramas
„·as tlw litnrgical rlialognC’s Iaken from thc> gospc>l texts and arranged in
trop0s an connPctC’d „·ith the liturgical ct>lC’bration of th<‚ days in which they were
pNformPd. Lat(‚r. thesP t.exts wer<‚ augrnenteci, leading to the composition of ritual plays. Out of tht>s<‚. t.he church dramas developed.
Stnd􀅗·inp; tlH, oldest liturgical books. Fancev found two liturgical plays.
Thp􀆺· wPrP hoth connected wit.h the glory of Christ’s Resurrection and
Epiphan􀅗·. Th<‚ Easter Play – the oldest known examples derive from the tc>ut h I<‚Iltmy – was played in t hC‘ church, at t lw place representing t he tomb
of Jrsns Christ. Trying to (’stablish where this play could come from so early
as th<‚ tim<‚ of Eing Ladislas. Fancc>v conclnded that. it could have been
FrancC‘. from tll(‚ tc>nth or tlw elevC’nth century. The play was transcrihed
in tlw so-cal!Nl Missale antiqnissirrmm h:v the monks of the Benedictine
onlC’r 1 4 .
Tlw seconcl ritnal pla􀆺’· The Three Magi. i s chronologically earlier than
thc> ahove rnC’ntioned one. In fact . it derived from it. Fancev assumes
that this pla:–· could he plact>d among the most significant examplcs for
thC‘ g<’neral histor􀅗‘ of t hc play 1 5 . There are onl:–· five texts preserved from
thP <>kwnth cC’ntnry at all. and the Zagrt>h tC’xt precisely marks the place
of the play iu tlw Epiphany ceremony. The horneland of this play is also
Franc<>. ThC‘ rdationship hC’tween the Zagreh play and thC‘ French plays is
confirmC’d not oul􀆺· tPxtually, but hy the occasions of its performance and
its titles as wdl. Tht> Zagreh play was named Tmctus stelle. This title is
similar to th<‚ FrPnch pla.ys, and tht’ir texts are also very similar. In the manuscripts, I\:nirwa.ld later found a play performt>d on Innocents‘ day, the
t :J F. Fann’V. Litnrp;ijsko-obredne igre u zagrebackoj stolnoj crkvi ILiturgical Pla:vs in
Zap;r!’h MP1ropolitan Chnrch]. Narodna starina, vol. 4. 1925, p. 2. ; N. Klaic, Zagreb u
sr<‚dnjcm ,·ijPkn jZagreb in the 􀈚1iddle Ages]. Zagreh 1982. p. 489.
14 Fanc<‚v. Litnrgijsko-obredne igre. p. 3.
1·5 Ibid . . p. 7.
63
so-calktl offir.inm infanhtrn. It was also takf’n over from eleventh century
Ronrn. and from then‘ lat.er through Györ to Zagreb16.
Thr Iist of hooks in the 1394 inventory is not complete, because it
Iacks an f’nd. Howf’ver. one can at lf’ast, according to it, approximately
rrconstrnct tlw appearancf‘ of the Zagrf’h Cat.hedral library at the end of
thr fonrtf'<’nth century. \Vith the following two inventories, the picture can
lw compl0trd for thf‘ first half of the fifteenth century. The essence of this
lihrary is form0d from juridical, biblical. liturgical, philosophical and theological
hooks. In t he inventories from the first half of the fifteenth century,
onP can notice a significant. increase of Surnrnae and liturgical manuals. On
tlw contrary. the numb<>r of juridical books in the 1406-1 0 inventory diminishrd
radicall\·· while in t.h0 1426-33 inventory it rose again. It could be
argnrrl that this was a cons0quence of events in 1396, when the inhabitants
of tlw n<>ighhonring mount Gric att.acked Kaptol (the bishop’s seat) and
took wit h t hPm a significant number of valuable books 1 7 . Besides that, the
1406 -10 im'<>ntor􀅗· is incompletf‘ both at its beginning and its end.
Looking at tlw Iist of manuscripts in all presently known inventories
( Fancf’v comltPd togeth0r about 360 codices) . important questions come up.
To „·hat <>Xt<’nt does this enormous amount rdlect the real literary work of tlw memhers of Zagrt>b church? Besides that. to what extent is it important
for the cultnre of mf’dif’val Zagreb?
Fancev alrcady stated that the books were organised with great care.
ThPrf‘ arf‘ fiftf’f’ll diffPrent. groups. Fancev was. therefore, able to establish
that 50 codicrs pr<>scrved in the Metropolitan Library were identical with
thost> nwntimwd in the inventories before the end of the fifteenth century18.
However, man\· books were destroyed from the fifteenth century onwards.
ßrsitlrs the litnrgical codices. there were several others written between the
t rnth and t.lw twelfth centuries. Particularly important was the Originurn
seu etyrnologiarittrn libr-i XX from Isidor of Seville (636), which served as
a basis for school studi0s. Fancev thought that the purpose of buying this
book was its nse in the Zagrrb seminary for teaching. There are about
l ü Klai<‚, Zagreb. p. 491.
1 7 Kniewald. Najstariji inventari, pp. 54-5.
18 F. Fancf’Y. Kulturno-literami rad u Zagrebu za prvih pet vjekova njegove historije
[Cnltnral and Litf’ral Activity in Zagreb Dnring the First. Five Centuries of its History],
in: Katalog kult.urno-hist.orijskf‘ izlozbe grada Zagreba. Zagreb 1925, pp. 15-6.
64
tw<‚utv snch ·•mannals“ . ThPy all have lists of Croatian words, meaning that thP tNtdwrs had to Pxplain thP Latin t.erminology t.o their students. Ewrything points to tlw conclusion that the canons were vividly interest.ed in this important literatnre. but did not contribute significantly to commmtnrif’s on it and its devl:’lopmrnt19. Thr iuwntory from 1394 is not complete. jnst as the later ones. Howewr. from thf‘ hPginning it alrPady points. counting the gold and silver ohjf’C’ts. to tllf‘ high value of the bishop’s and chapter’s treasury at the end of tlw fonrtf’f•nth cPntnry. At first place. thE’rP is a golden calix, ornated with t,w]vf‘ prrcions stones. wE>ighing thrPe marks and six nezyks. It is followPd
h􀅖· thirtPPn wlices. out of which somP weigh three silver marks. In the
short pPriod l)(‚tWf’Pn bishop Pavao ( Paul) and Ivan (John), the cathedral
r<>cPiwfl as gifts tlm•p morf‘ calices by thf‘ catlwdral’s archdeacon Nikola
(:’\icholas) . ornatf’d with precions stmws as well. The inventory from 1474
nH·ntions all of thf’sf‘ calices. hut th<‚ir statf‘ df’teriorated.
The im·<„ntory contimtes with liturgical garments. Firstly, the bishop ’s
cap ( infula). It was of hrocad<:‘. ornatE>d with a multit.ude of precious stones.
ßf’sid<>s pearls. therf‘ Wf’re 1 12 rubif’s. 99 emf’ralds and 86 sapphires. Canon
Dlaz mmtioned that. ninf‘ prl:’cious stonf’s wen‘ missing then, compared to
th<‚ prPYions inwntory20. Tlw invPntory from 1406-10 does not mention
this infula. hecansl:‘ of the missing parts. The 1 426-33 inventory mentions
it still as a maioT et rnelior infula, althongh it had already lost another
t\Y<‚lw prrcious stonPs that were kept among the fragments2 1 . The listing continuPs with the candlesticks and other objf’cts. Particularly significant is a hishop’s stick. hac1dus pastoralis. It was made of pure silver, completely gildt’rl. \Yf’ighing ahout eleven silver marks. It is still mentioned in the 1474 inwntor:v and rt>prPsents the bigg(’st. and the most valuable object .
Among the rest. of t.he bishop ’s clothes, a black casula made de paleo
sancti Ladislni regis is particularly important . It is mentioned both in the
140G · 1 0 and 1 -!26-33 inventories. In the 147 4 inventory, this part of the
tl:’xt is missinp;. Dlaz listed S(‚Vf’nt.f’en more cas1tlae22. Among them is the
whitf‘ onf‘ with dalmatica, nicely decorat.ed by order of the queen. It. was
I g lbid . . pp. 19-2 1 .
2° Knit>wald. ::\ajstariji invt>nt.ari. p. 58.
21 Tkalfir. :–‚lonnnlf’nta, vol. 1 1 . pp. 147-8.
22 l\nil’wald. 􀌘ajstariji invt>ntari. pp. 59-61.
65
llH’ntionensive, but nl:’vertbeless it is very interesting.
First of all, Blaz mentions Iatus sanctissimi regis Stephani, based on
t.wo angf’ls and four lilit:>s in a gilded box. According to the 1474 inventory,
it was ornated with King Louis of Anjou’s coat. of arms, probably because
he donat.ed t he relics to the Zagreh church26. Furthermore, tbere is a hand
of St.. Ladislas. also mentioned in 1474, which was presumably brought to
23 Tkaltic. Monument.a. vol. 11, p. 148.
24 I\ni�>wald, Najstariji inventari, p. 60.
25 Ibid., pp. 61·-2.
26 lbid .. pp. 64, 73.
66
Zap;n’h h􀄑· Anp;nstin J{azotic. who received it from King Charles Robert27.
Then‘ is also a golden cross. cont. ain in g a so-called wooden piece of Christ.’s
cross. richl􀄒· decorated. It. was later mentioned in the 1426-33 and 1474
inwntorif’s. According t o Tkal<‚ic. it. was clonated by bishop Mathian (?)
about 11312“. HP was a .Jerusalem canon before coming to Zagreb. Acconlinp;
to ot IH’r documents, the cross was carried around in the Easter
prOC(‚SSIOll.
Aftrr a fpw other less import.ant. relics, Blaz mentioned a plenarium
with the fip;nral rPpresentation of t.he Nativit.y, made of ivory. This piece
„·as ornatNl wi t h a !arge amount of very precious stones. On the four
corners wf’re pictnres of t.he Holy Virgin made in ivory. It is a famous
Zagre h dfjptichon. still preserved in the cathedral ’s treasury, but without
its rich rl<>corations29. It was mentioned even in the 1426-33 invent.ory.
Apart from this one. sewral other plenaria werf‘ mentioned, made of ivory
or crystal. Tlw􀅖· mainly served for keeping relics. but already in 1394 some
of thf’m Wf’rP empty and out of use. and even Blai did not know what
somP of thm1 coutained. There is also a so-called finger of St. John t.he
Daptist. lt was mf’ntiom·d in the 1474 inventory as weil. Until the end of
the <>i ght ef’nt h cf’ntluy it was considered to he a real relic. Then it was
hannPcl. hPcanse of justified douhts concerning its aut.henticit.y30.
Blaz list<‚< l PVPU t he church bells. In 1394. the cathedral had six bells,
among whi ch ·tma est vrethkanich est confra cta et deposita in sacristia. Of
tlH· fonr minor h<>lls. one Sf’rved for the altar. There wpre also carpets, donatf’d
h􀠱· hishop Ivan. and thPreforP not mentionPd in the older inventory31 .
Tlw composers of t.he inventories t.ook int.o account much more the
m<Ü<>rial Yalnf‘ of tlw ohjf’cts than their art.istic value. For example, Blai
calls maior et mdior infu la the one that simply has more precious stones,
anrl tlwrdorP is more expensive than the other one. The same is the case
„·ith thf‘ pair of hishop ’s sticks. Maior et melior is the one gilded, made of
pnr0 silver. I3la7. similarl,v judges other objects in the treasury. He emphasises
tlw precious materi alsout of which they were made: gold, silvPr, ivory,
21 Ibid., pp. 64, i3.
2R Ihici . . pp. 64, i4. i8-9. n. 72; Tkalcic, Monument.a, vol. 11, p. 146.
:w Kniewald. !\’ajstariji inventari, p. 65.
:!O Ibid .. pp. 66. i4. i9. n. 86.
:l l Ihicl .. p. 66.
67
prr<„ions stonrs. silk and so on. and rares kss for their artistic value. Thereforr. his information about artistk rharacteristics is rather insufficient. His prrdrressors and his immediate followers in the fifteenth century mainly clid thr samr. Berause of that, inventories of Zagreh cathedral from the fonrtf’f’nth and tlw fifteenth centuries give only a rather limitecl insight into thf‘ rral artistir valnf‘ of Zagrf’b’s catheclral trea.sury as a whole. Keeping in miurl thr fashion and the taste of that time, one could conclucle that people in latr nwrlirval Zap;reb probably rvaluated morr t>xpensive and decorated
ohjrrts as haYing a particular artistic value32 .
In adcond half of thr fifteenth century, ma.de it necessary
for thr bishop and canons to try to preserve the most valuable objects from
evf’ntuall:v gf’tting into the hands of the infideles. In 1510, a small registrum
was made of the things that were in the inventories, and that were de novo
. . . disposit.e . . . co1wersis tarnen in usum34. Particularly interesting is the
last rlocument. in TkalCic edition, t.he inventory of the objects belonging to
the altar of St. Paul in the Zagreh rathedral. macle in 149235 .
The inventory of things hidden in 1502 is interesting because of its
s􀉛·stematic charactf’r. The ca.nons chosen for the job divided and put into
six boxrs thl? material to be prest?rvecl. The first box contained the objects
that were necessary for the lit.urgical service, for example plates, alta.r
clothes. various kinds of beakers and glasses of precious ma.terials used in
servicf‘ anrl hishop’s clothes and symbols of power ( cappae, casulae, ornatus).
The second box contimtes the first one, with the same structure of
objects ( cappae. casulae, ornatus, calices, cistae, pixidae, cuppae). In the
third one. besides the dothes and various vessels, two of the obviously very
3“ .
– lbid .. p. 54.
33 Tkal<:i<‚. Monnmenta, vol. 1 1 . pp. 182-7.
34 Ibid., pp. 188-9.
35 Ibid .. pp. 190-1.
68
Yalnahlr hooks. Missale and Breviarium. written in pargam.eno were kept.
Th<‚ fomt h hox pn•sf’rved rdiquaries. preciously ornated cushions, a golden cross. a hand-written Bre11iarium. in pargam.eno. and a certain quantity of silwr. Tlw fifth box was particularly important in case of emf’rgency. It cont ained all thf‘ documents ahout the rights and privileges of Zagreh church, and it neerkd partietilar care. Therdore, that box was strengthened with several constrnction adclitions. The last box contained the rest of the things – a kw litnrgical books. cushions, images ancl a few cappae. lt is particularl 􀀹· intrrrsting that a significant numher of the ohjects mentionecl in this invf’ntor􀅖‘ Wf’rf‘ clonated by hishop Oswald, who was hishop of Zagreh in the SC’cond half of t hC‘ fifteenth century and did a Iot to improve the political and economic position of the Zagreh church. Thf‘ small inventory from 1510 lists a few object.s that were again usecl iu thC‘ cathrdral for litnrgy, as well as the objects that were renewed and pn•pnn•d for usP again – one h7tm.erale and casula and several church utensils. The last invmt ory is the small list of objects and possessions belonging to tl}(‚ altar of St. Paul in Zagreh cathedral. made in 1492. Johamtes de Maroclw. Zagn•h canon and archdracon of Gorica. received them from his fc•llow-canons. gmciose as he said. HowPver. immediately from the beginning. JohannPs shows a partintim attit.ude towards the gifts. Obviously complC’tt>ly disappoint.rd and unsatisfiecl wit.h the quantity and quality of
tht> rf’ceivf’d property . .Johannes does not miss the chance to qualify almost
rwr􀁎· itrm in tl}(‚ Iist. HP was satisfied with the vineyard named Babovec,
that. is bona. et bene C7tlta. Missale in pargam.eno is also novus et bonus, like
a frw otht>r ohjf’ct.s. On the contrary, Johannes does not spare epithets in
showing his disappointment.. Some of the vessels were empty (sie!). The alt
ar clot.lws wPre bad ancl of no value. Six Bcutelle were old and broken. Four
cantari werf‘ old and complet.ely broken. The m.ensa was bad and old. The
copper candlestick was bad and cheap. Thf‘ cauldron was old, complet.ely
brokf’n and of no nse. At thf‘ end of the Iist, Johannes gives way to his fury,
calling one big hasket for kE>eping dishes in the kitchen old and 11illissima.
ThP iron􀅣‘ of t he word graciose in the introductory part is obvious at the
f’nd. In gf’nf’ral. this small inventory provokes some interesting questions
ahont thf‘ organisat ion of Zagreh chapt.er. and the internal relations among
t he canons. and their fight for power and possf’ssions within the bishopric.
Thrsr prohlems shonld be investigat<‚d further. 69 In condnsion. onP could point. out that the oldest inventories of Zagreh cathrclral show that the bishopric gained a significantly high Ievel of material wealth in the Late Middle Ages. This is reflected both in the huge qnantity. artistic qnality and particularly in the high value of the objects nsed in the litnrgy. Prt>ciously ornatt>d bishop’s dothes, altar clothes, vessrls
nst>d in litnrgy, crosst>s. rart> and precious relics, speak for themselves of
thr distinctive position of the cathedral. bishopric and canons in medieval
ZagrPb. Tlw􀅗· testif􀆺r t.o the church’s important role in the town’s economy
and politi<‚al lifr. The lihrary of tht> cathedral shows that mainly all the
important hooks. nst>d in litnrgy and for educational purposes of different
charactt>r. wer<> present. Howevt>r. up till now there is no evidence either
that memlwrs of the Zagn•b church contributed significantly in commenting
and intf’rprt>ting the Iiterature they possessed, or t.hat they were the authors
of any nP\\‘ books. The Jat.t> fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries‘ inventoriPs
cast light on the flexible and prompt react.ion of the church in the case
of <‚mergPncy caused by the Ottoman threat, as well as on some interesting
asp<‚cts of tlw internal liff‘ and relations within the church community itself.
70
Ankündigungen
The European Association for the History of tvledicinP and Health (EAHMH)
was estahlishNI in 1091. with its SPat in Strasbourg. The principal purpos<‚
s of th<‚ EAH:.IH havp hPen formulat<:’d to providP a high-level intPrdisc-
iplinar:v ancl intprnational forum for sturlies in the history of medicine,
h<‚alt h aud disPasP: to promote and foster research, tPaching. and intprnntional
scil’ntific coopPration bPtwPen indiYiduals as weil as with related
national aJl(l intl’rnational sociPtiPs: and to advance the education of the
pnhlic in th<> historical aspPcts of medidne. health, and disease. In a short
}Wriod EAH:.IH has hecomP a significant association with over two hundred
m<‚mlwrs „·Iw arl‘ activ<‚ rPsearchers in their fields. After the success of the
first couf<‚r<‚T!CP on „Coping with Sickn<>ss“ . in 1903, the European Science
FounrPncp is “ Coping with Health“ . lt will be held in San
FPliu de Gnixols. Spain. from 2 to 7 Septernher 1095. This conference will
forns npon fonr snbt hemes:
1 . conrt>pts (intf>frnltural romparisans of rPpresentations of health: coping
with duonir and acute diseases; prevpution, histor:v of health care ) ;
2. ag;mts (polici<>s and health care systPms, aspects of organization, dolll<‚
stir and commnnity health rare and self help networks):
3. costs (qnalitv of hralth and disease. benifit and allocation of resources,
insnrances) ;
-!. controwrsi<>s: hPalth definitions. health and gender, health and age,
salnhrit􀃨·- pr<‚v<>ntivP medicinP ) .
Tht> inYitNI sp<>ak<>rs indude Arthur I􀉙leinman, Jane Lewis, Antonie Luyendijk-
Elshont. no􀃨‘ Porter. and J. Stjrrnswärd. Those who whish to att<‚
nd this ronf<‚r<’nce shonld write to Dr. Josip Hendekovic. European SciPncP
Fonndation. 1 Quai Lezay-Marnesia. F-67080 Strasbourg. For further
information on EA.H:.’IH contact Prof. Claude Dehnt, Centre Europeen
d’HistoirP ck Ia 􀉚’lrdPcin<>. 4 rue I\irschlPger. F-67085 Strasbourg Cedex,
Fax +33-882-13301.
71
MED IUM AEVUM
QUOTIDIANUM
31
KREMS 1994
HERAVSGEGEI3E􀆼 YO􀁈 GERHARD JARITZ
GEDRCCKT 􀆽1IT 1:.::-\TERSTÜTZUNG DER KULTURABTEILUNG
DES A:\1TES DER :\IEDERÖSTERREICHISCHE!’J LANDESREGIERUNG
Titelgraphik Stt>phau J. Tramer
H<‚ransgt>bt>r: l\1edium Aevum Quot.idiannm. Gesellschaft zur Erforschung der materiellen
Knltnr des 􀆾1ittelalters. Körnermarkt 13, A-3500 Krems, Österreich. – Für den
Inhalt verantwortlich zeichnen die Autoren, ohne deren ausdrückliche Zustimmung jeglichf’r
Xachdrnck. auch in AusziigPn. nicht p;Pstattet ist. – Druck: I WiPdn<‚r Hanptstraßt> 8·-10. A-1050 Wien.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Vorwort
CHIUSTL-\:’\ KnÖTZL, Die Heiligen und ihrr Klienten. Zur
VPr\\·rrHinng hagiograpbischer Qudlen in der Alltagsge-
7
schichte c!Ps 􀠷Iitt<‚lalt.ers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
GERHARD .JARITZ, „Popular“ Medicine and t.he „Elites“ in
t hr Lat<‚ :\1iddl<‚ Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
.JA:\ STE.TSKAL. Dr Lituania
ßomsu.v GRGI:’\. ThP lnventoriPs of ZagrPb Cathedral
A:-:Kl‘:’\DIGl“:’\GE:-<
5
45
59
71
Vorwort
Das Yorli<‚gf’udr H<‚ft vou Merli·um Ae·11um Q·uotidiamtm setzt zum t.’inen die
Pnhlikation von VorträgPn am International Medie11al Congress in Leeds mit
<l<‚lll ßcitrag von Christ.ian Erötzl fort.. Zun anderen kommt ein Referat
Miwl zum Ab }.fittrlaltrrprogramms an der Central Emopean University in Budapest.
:’\ahrzn 􀠵kichzritig mit Medi·urn Ae·11urn Quotidianum 31 erscheint Son< krhand IV nnserer Reihe, dt>r sich mit dem Alltag von Lehrlingen in SachSf‘!
l vom 13. his znm 18 . .Jahrhundert anseinandersetzt. Sonderband V wird
<‚ine Arlwit von Frau Fl’l1se, einer Schülerin von Hans-\Verner Goetz, Hamhnrg.
hrinhaltf’n nnd sich d<•r Behandlung des Alltags in mittelalterlichen
Stadtchronik<‚u widmen.
VPrhawllungen hinsichtlich Sond<:>rhand VI und VII sind im Gange.
\Yir hoff(‚ll. Ihnf’n zu Beginn des .Jahres 1995 genaueres mitteilen zu können.
Hf’ft 32 „·in! im Fdm1ar 1995 znm ErsdJf’in<:>n gelangen.
\\’ir möcht<‚ll di<‚ Gekgrnheit wahnwhmen, unseren Mitglieder ein froh<‚
s \\'<‚iuachtsff’st sowi<‚ Erfolg und Ruhe für das Jahr 1995 zu wünschen.
Anß<’nkm mö(‚htf’ll wir si<:> nnwrlich h<>rzlich f’inladen, uns Beiträge für unS<‚
r<:> Pnblikationsorganf‘ zu Üh<‚rmitt<>ln. \\’ir werckn uns bemühen, diese
nach grgelwnen :.Iöglichk<‚it<’n rasch zu publizif’ren.
Gf’rhard J arit.z, Herausgeber
7